Toss up:

This is administered for all simultaneous infringements. The two players stand facing each other at their own shooting ends with hands by their sides and the umpire flicks the ball upwards not more than 600m (2ft) in the air as the whistle s blown.

A FREE PASS is awarded for infringement of any of the preceding rules.  It may be taken by any player allowed in that area, as soon as they have taken up a stationary position.  (A player may not shoot from a free pass in the shooting circle).

Obstruction:

Player with ball - the nearer foot of the defender must be 0.9m (3ft) feet from the landing foot of the player with the ball, or the spot where the first foot had landed if one has been lifted.  The defender may jump to intercept or defend the ball from this 0.9m (3ft) feet distance

Player without ball - the defender may be close, but not touching, providing that no effort is made to intercept or defend the ball and there is no interference with the opponents throwing or shooting action.  Arms must be in a natural position, not outstretched, and no other part of the body or legs may be used to hamper an opponent.

Intimidation - of any kind, is classed as obstruction
A standing player is not compelled to move to allow an opponent a free run, but dangerous play must be discouraged, e.g. moving into the landing space of a player  already in the air or stepping late into the path of a moving player.

Contact:

No player may contact an opponent, either accidentally or deliberately, in such a way that interferes with the play of that opponent or causes contact to occur.

A PENALTY PASS (or PENALTY PASS/ PENALTY SHOT if in the shooting circle) is awarded for the above infringements taken from where the infringement occurred.  The offending player must stand out of play beside the thrower until the pass or shot has been taken.  Any opposing player allowed in that area may take the penalty.

Discipline Rule 19:

Players and Team Officials must ensure that they are fully conversant with the rules covering "Breaking the Rules" and "Deliberate Delaying of Play" (including setting of Penalties).